N-terminal phylogenetic analyses included sequences linked to C-termini used in the aforementioned C-terminal phylogenetic analysis. Locality: Madagascar This orb-weaving spider builds the largest orb-style webs that are known to science. The two MA gland RNA-Seq libraries were sequenced on three separate MiSeq instrument runs, sequencing 300bp paired-end reads. Male spiders are known to mate with female spiders who have recently undergone a molt, in order to avoid being killed after mating. The silk that it produces is the strongest amongst all spider species. We hypothesize that the lengthened spinning duct of C. darwinis MA gland may facilitate alignment of spidroins to maintain dragline tensile strength (potentially by maintaining -sheet formation) as MaSp4s GPGPQ-containing motifs introduce increased extensibility. Fourth, the orb contains two types of radial threads, with those in the upper half of the web doubled. Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly animal facts for everyone to discover! Sexual cannibalism is thus the ultimate act of paternal care, as long as the munched male is actually the father. A description of females is likely to mention two humps on their cephalothorax, as this is a distinctive feature of these spiders. These spiders lay their eggs into a sac that is produced beforehand in the female's body. Nat. This unique spider species attains its name after Charles Darwin, the famous English naturalist. Given that this duct is the site of spidroin alignment and intermolecular bonding to form fibers, these results suggest the hypothesis that C. darwini has evolved distinct molecular and physiological mechanisms for producing extremely tough dragline silk for its exceptionally large webs. The transcriptome of Darwins bark spider silk glands predicts proteins contributing to dragline silk toughness. Being a species found in the wild, this silk orb-web creator does not make a great pet for humans. These possibilities might lead to increased dragline extensibility through the addition of more -turns within the amorphous (non-crystalline) regions or through the decreased alignment of molecules along the fiber. and I.A. Nature 424, 10571061 (2003). Article Testing these hypotheses would require detailed analyses of recombinantly expressed C. darwini MaSp4, along with MaSp1 and MaSp2, to understand how combinations of these proteins interact at the biophysical level to affect fiber mechanics. Int. Several webs ofC. darwinihave been seen spanning a river, demonstrating their extreme length. 8, 14941512 (2013). The palpal bulb has a large conductor with a straight tip, and a longer embolus with a spoon-shaped end than other species from the region. The spider was discovered in Madagascar in the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in 2009. Duplication and concerted evolution of MiSp-encoding genes underlie the material properties of minor ampullate silks of cobweb weaving spiders. Grubb, D. T. & Jelinski, L. W. Fiber morphology of spider silk: the effects of tensile deformation. It was first discovered in Madagascar on November 24, 2009, and its family was discovered by a Swedish arachnologist in the year 1868. Widespread polycistronic transcripts in fungi revealed by single-molecule mRNA sequencing. These unique behaviors result in a giant, yet rather simplified web. Candidate egg case silk genes for the spider Argiope argentata from differential gene expression analyses. 113, 829840 (2018). Molecular nanosprings in spider capture-silk threads. Although the species produces the longest and largest orb web of all spiders, their exact speed cannot be calculated as of now. [2], The strong silk and large web are thought to have coevolved at the same time, as the spider adapted to the habitat. & Rising, A. Morphology and composition of the spider major ampullate gland and dragline silk. Your privacy is important to us. RNA was extracted from MA glands (one individual per extraction) by homogenization in TriZol and cleanup using Qiagens RNeasy kit, and removal of DNA. Darwin's bark spider (Caerostris darwini) is an orb-weaver spider that produces the largest known orb webs, ranging from 900 to 28,000 square centimetres (140 to 4,340sqin),[2][3] with bridge lines spanning up to 25 metres (82ft). We hope you love our recommendations for products and services! original sound - Curmhi Chettiar Imagery. & Hayashi, C. Y. Caerostris darwinis MA spinning ducts are unusually long with the loop connecting limbs 2 and 3 extending to the ampullate sac midpoint or beyond (average duct length along ampullate sac=4.35mmSD 0.78; n=7; Fig. 12, e1001921 (2014). Nat. J. Biol. J. Exp. Opell, B. D. & Bond, J. E. Capture thread extensibility of orb-weaving spiders: testing punctuated and associative explanations of character evolution. 24, 271275 (1999). If these motifs form -turns similar to GPGX motifs as suggested by Garnier analysis, this would introduce more secondary structures resembling the nano-springs of flagelliform silk by which C. darwini dragline could achieve greater toughness through increased extensibility. Gregori, M., Agnarsson, I., Blackledge, T. A. [2], Darwin's bark spider (Caerostris darwini) is an orb-weaver spider a member of the family Araneidae. Haas, B. J. et al. Typical orb-weaver dragline contains mainly MaSp1 and MaSp2, yielding a high content of glycine (34.742.2%), alanine (17.627.5%), and proline (1.715.7%)21,22 (Supplementary Data2). conceived the project. However, the female is known to prey on the male after mating, often resulting in the capture and the death of the male spider. Required fields are marked *. 24, 243249 (1999). This enigmatic behaviour, not found in other spiders, may be an attempt to seduce her by signalling mate quality, or to digest any previous suitors sperm. These spiders, who are the producers of the toughest spider silk known, are known to live in small groups by water bodies. A single web might contain about 32 mayflies in one go. 48) was used to evaluate the transcriptome by assessing the presence and length of conserved single-copy orthologs from arthropod species. She casts over streams with the web resting above water where it can trap flying insects as they hatch. R.A.H. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. Nat. To achieve this end, evolution has equipped him with some kinky solutions: bondage and genital mutilation. MaSp2 also contains many GPGX motifs (X typically is G, S, A, or Q), which form -turns supplying dragline extensibility11,12. By contrast, the repetitive region of C. darwini MaSp4 contains 31.432.0% proline and is deficient in alanine (2.22.5%; Fig. fibroin 1). Map indicating the distribution of Bark spiders, within Southern Africa. Nat. Biol. Extraordinarily tough dragline is hypothesized to be adaptive for C. darwini because it constructs the largest recorded orb webs, up to 2.8m2, suspended by bridgelines up to 25m across rivers, capturing prey inaccessible to most predators5,6. Image Credits: I.ytimg.com, 4.bp.blogspot.com, 3.bp.blogspot.com, Asknature.org. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spiderzrule_com-box-4','ezslot_8',134,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spiderzrule_com-box-4-0');Like other spiders of the genus, Darwins bark spider displays extremesexual dimorphism, with large females (18 mm) and small males (6mm). 13 are in the Supplementary Data19 and Supplementary Data10 files. Since their conservation status is not listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the exact number of Darwin's bark spiders is quite difficult to count. =Parawixia bistriata. The species was named in honour of the naturalist Charles Darwin, with the description being prepared precisely 150 years after the publicatio Hagn, F. et al. Occasionally, spiders have been observed to chase away the flies when they land on something that the spider is eating.[2]. They are harmless to humans and pets. Jin, H.-J. (IOS-1656645) and I.A. Using one C. darwini MA gland RNA extraction (cd46), cDNA was synthesized at the UMass Medical Schools Deep Sequencing Core (UMMS-DSC) using the Iso-Seq protocol17 (Pacific Bioscience Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA). Hence, a suite of traits from genes to physiology likely coevolved with the unique web architecture and ecology of C. darwini. Nobuaki Kono, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Kazuharu Arakawa, Sandra M. Correa-Garhwal, Thomas H. Clarke III, Cheryl Y. Hayashi, Michelle Strickland, Victor Tudorica, Sara L. Goodacre, Peter Michalik, Dakota Piorkowski, Martn J. Ramrez, Anna Volenikova, Petr Nguyen, Michal Zurovec, Patrick A. Guerra, Lucinda P. Lawson, Scott J. Smith, Lucie Kucerova, Michal Zurovec, Frantisek Sehnal, Communications Biology Nephila komaci, discovered in 2009, and some other Nephila species also make webs that can exceed 1m (3ft3in) across. A Nephila spider has an average length of 1.1-1.9 in (3-5 cm) while Darwin's bark spider ranges from 0.2-0.9 in (0.5-2.2 cm). Repetitive regions are flanked by amino (N) and carboxy (C)-terminal domains critical for fiber assembly, which also serve as phylogenetic markers13,14. Males are redder and lighter brown in colour, again with white hairs on the cephalothorax, abdomen and parts of the appendages further from the body. Omenetto, F. G. & Kaplan, D. L. New opportunities for an ancient material. Chin, J. et al. Insect Mol. Orb-weaver dragline is primarily comprised of MA spidroins MaSp1 and MaSp2, both having repetitive regions containing poly-alanine (An) amino acid motifs that form -sheet secondary structures and contribute to tensile strength by stacking into nanocrystals11. Further information on research design is available in theNature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. The larger fraction >1.2kb was used to construct a SMRTBellTM library, which was sequenced on three SMRTCellsTM on a PacBio RS II instrument with 120-min movies. (b) Caerostris darwini MA silk gland showing region of silk protein secretion (tail), silk solution storage sac, and fiber synthesis site (S-shaped spinning duct), indicating two loops joining three duct limbs. Another C. darwini individual (c) and MA gland of Argiope aurantia (d), with arrows pointing to second loop of spinning duct for comparison. Gaines, W. A., Sehorn, M. G. & Marcotte, W. R. Jr. Spidroin N-terminal domain promotes a pH-dependent association of silk proteins during self-assembly. Chem. USA 99, 1026610271 (2002). EMBnet. & Lewis, R. V. Evidence from flagelliform silk cDNA for the structural basis of elasticity and modular nature of spider silks. The spider was discovered in Madagascar in the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in 2009. Their web lines also act as a medium of communication for these spiders. See photo. Females vary in total body length from about 18 to 22mm (0.7 to 0.9in), males being around one third or less of this length, at about 6mm (0.2in). Biomacromolecules 9, 116121 (2008). Macromol. He then binds her legs with his silk so she cant grab him. J. Mol. The web of Darwin's bark spider is remarkable in that it has not only the longest spanning web ever observed, but is among the largest orb webs ever seen, at an area of up to 2.8square metres (30sqft). & Kaplan, D. L. Mechanism of silk processing in insects and spiders. The spider was described along with an undescribed species of fly, which appeared to have akleptoparasiticrelationship with it. One dragline sample was also run on a L-8900 Hitachi analyzer using a lithium citrate buffer to detect hydroxyproline. Proc. This species mostly communicates by walking across the lines on their webs. Commun Biol 2, 275 (2019). Given this pipeline separates partial cDNAs of the same transcript only differing in length (because they are interpreted as full length), we further clustered tBLASTn hits to spidroin terminal domain queries using CD-HIT 4.6.446 at 95% nucleotide identity across their full length, selecting the longest sequence per cluster for analyses. volume2, Articlenumber:275 (2019) Accordingly, this study reinforces the importance of evolutionary comparative studies for discovering biotechnology opportunities. Males are little more than walking sacs of sperm without the time, or need, for hunting. Proc. Determining the molecular basis for the toughness of C. darwini dragline is key for understanding both the evolutionary origins of this exceptional foraging strategy and for biomimetic research aiming to replicate the impressive properties of this ultra-tough silk. Madurga, R. et al. Darwin's bark spiders are not venomous, but those with a fear of walking into spider webs will no doubt feel that they deserve a place on this list. Syst. Darwin's bark spider uses dragline silk to make the spokes and frame of its web. About Darwin's bark spider, a spider that produces the strongest biopolymer known to humanity, and also one of the few non-mammals to engage in oral sex. If you like this, you might want to read about jewel spiders and yellow sac spiders too. Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling with Mr. Bayes v. 3.2.6 was run with default priors, but implementing a mixed amino acid model for 5106 generations plus gamma distribution, using three heated chains and one cold chain. Chaw, R. C., Arensburger, P., Clarke, T. H., Ayoub, N. A. This position allows the spiders to catch prey flying over the water, with webs observed to large web are thought to havecoevolvedat the same time, as the spider adapted to the habitat. MaSp4 is markedly different from the eight MaSps from the genome of another orb-weaver Trichonephila clavipes7 (formerly Nephila clavipes18), with GPGPQ only appearing once in Trichonephila MaSp-g and iterations of this motif are not seen in other species spidroins. A particularly fascinating example of silk toughness is provided by Darwin's bark spider ( Caerostris darwini) found in Madagascar. Darwin's bark spider (Caerostris darwini) is a producer of the largest silk web ever known. Its tensile strength is 1.6 GPa. [7], The spider's silk is the toughest biological material ever studied, over ten times tougher than a similarly sized piece of Kevlar. Engl. Parent, L. R. et al. Males are little more than walking sacs of sperm without the time, or need, for hunting. Darwins bark spider (Caerostris darwini) produces giant orb webs from dragline silk that can be twice as tough as other silks, making it the toughest biological material. Information and pictures were taken from children's projects and where credited to that child does not claim to be original information. Your email address will not be published. [4] This position allows the spiders to catch prey flying over the water, with webs observed containing up to 32 mayflies at a time. Duct and ampullate length were measured with ImageJ 1.50i (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). Cranford, S. W., Tarakanova, A., Pugno, N. M. & Buehler, M. J. Nonlinear material behaviour of spider silk yields robust webs. This position allows the spiders to catch prey flying over the water, with webs observed to large web are thought to havecoevolvedat the same time, as the spider adapted to the habitat. Her silk is the toughest biological material ever studied - twice as strong as any other spider's and 10 times tougher than Kevlar. Trimmed Illumina reads from the two MA gland RNA-Seq libraries were used to estimate abundance of all Trinity assembled transcripts in TPM using Salmon v0.8.2 in quasi-mapping mode53 (Supplementary Data6). Irrespective of female's age or mating status males salivate onto female genitalia pre-, during, and post-copulation. Biol. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Males and females have somewhat similar looks but dissimilar sizes, with the female being considerably larger. The females lay up to a couple of hundred eggs in a single mating period and the spiderlings hatch within the mother's body, developing here before they are released by the mother. et al. The spider was discovered in Madagascar in the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in 2009. Information and pictures were taken from childrens projects and where credited to that child does not claim to be original information. The habitat of this spider can be described as wet and marshy land adjacent to water bodies. This spider produces extraordinarily tough silk, with an average toughness of 350 MJ/m and over 50% extensibility, and can build river-bridging webs with a size of 2.8 m 2. Nat. Their relationships similarly showed MaSp4a and MaSp4b within the MaSp N-terminal clade, but closest to Argiope and C. darwini MaSp2 (Supplementary Fig. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. cm. 3, 18008 (2018). & Hayashi, C. Y. Silken toolkits: biomechanics of silk fibers spun by the orb web spider (Fabricius 1775). J. Biol. Raw data associated with Figs. Their webs and weaponry are puny in comparison females have the longest fangs and most potent venom. Occasionally, spiders have been observed to chase away the flies when they land on something that the spider is eating. Spidroin (silk protein) carboxy (C)-terminal phylogenetic tree nests GPGPQ-rich Caerostris darwini proteins in major ampullate spidroin (MaSp) clade. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. J. Mol. Instead, we propose the hypothesis that prolines high abundance and arrangement in GPGPQ motifs in MaSp4 may increase dragline extensibility either by forming novel structural domains embedded among other MaSp proteins or by packing in more -turns per protein monomer. We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong. In the lab, Garb and her research team are focusing their efforts on two particular spider species: the Darwin's bark spider, native to Madagascar, whose web is tougher than steel and can extend long distances without breaking . It is the toughest silk ever discovered from a spider! Its tensile strength is 1.6 GPa. Sci. & Lewis, R. Extreme diversity, conservation, and convergence of spider silk fibroin sequences. By contrast, non-MaSp spidroins (TuSp, Flag, AcSp, PySp, MiSp, AgSp) had a combined TPM of 39.0591.75, amounting to <0.1% of MA gland spidroin expression. Thus, in addition to MaSp2 and MaSp1, C. darwini MA glands highly express MaSp4a transcripts, which encode a silk protein dominated by novel GPGPQ motifs. Darwin's bark spider (Caerostris darwini) is an orb-weaver spider that produces one of the largest known orb webs, with anchor lines spanning up to 25 metres (82 ft). Darwin's bark spider (scientific name: Caerostris darwini) is the weaver of the largest known silk web. Darwin's bark spider ( Caerostris darwini) spins largest orb webs using silk glands with unusually long spinning ducts. Mater. Darwins bark spider is the world record holder. Roberto Lleras and Michael Wieand from Pacific Biosciences assisted with data analysis. The species belongs to the Arachnida class of animals. Darwins bark spiders web is the largest, strongest, and most complex worldwide. Darwins bark spider(Caerostris darwini) is anorb-weaver spiderthat produces one of the largest knownorb webs, with anchor lines spanning up to 25metres (82ft). Other clades of functionally assigned silk proteins highlighted as follows: PySp=piriform (attachment) silk protein; TuSp=tubuliform (egg-case) silk protein; MiSp=minor ampullate (scaffolding/bridge line) silk protein; Flag=flagelliform (capture spiral) silk protein; AcSp=aciniform (prey-wrapping) silk protein; AgSp=aggregate (glue) protein. Many GPGX, but no An motifs, are also found in the flagelliform silk spidroin Flag, the protein in the orb webs highly elastic capture spiral, where GPGX-forming -turns assemble into nano-springs, allowing up to 1000% reversible extensibility10,15,16. Prior to the description of C.darwini, only 11 species of Caerostris were recognized; Kuntner and Agnarsson regarded this as a serious underestimate, with perhaps up to seven species cohabiting in the region of Madagascar where C.darwini was found. Hayashi, C. Y., Shipley, N. H. & Lewis, R. V. Hypotheses that correlate the sequence, structure, and mechanical properties of spider silk proteins. J. Proteome Res. Int. Specifically, as proline is the critical residue in forming a -turn, the additional proline per GPGPQ motif, in comparison to MaSp2 GPGX motifs (where X is rarely P), may increase the number of -turns per motif or may produce distinct secondary structures altogether, given the steric constraints imposed by proline. By joining Kidadl you agree to Kidadls Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl. Test drive Used FIAT 124 Spider at home in Fremont, CA. All authors reviewed and revised the manuscript draft. & Hayashi, C. Y. [2] In a captive bred population, females were 14 (1.3195) times heavier and 2.3 (14) times larger than males. Sampath, S. & Yarger, J. L. Structural hysteresis in dragline spider silks induced by supercontraction: an X-ray fiber micro-diffraction study. Searching for Darwin's Bark Spider University of Vermont 5.82K subscribers 28K views 4 years ago In the rainforests of Madagascar, Darwin's bark spiders make nature's toughest material. 3, Supplementary Data8). That the GPGPQ motifs of MaSp4a and MaSp4b appear restricted to C. darwini suggests a recent origin of these proteins within the genus from MaSp2 genes, consistent with selection for tough and extensible silk to support enormous orb webs. We are supported by advertising is the toughest spider silk glands predicts proteins to! Are little more than walking sacs of sperm without the time, or need, for hunting revealed... Included sequences linked to C-termini used in the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in 2009 been observed to chase away flies. You agree to Kidadls terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent receiving! & Lewis, darwin's bark spider for sale V. Evidence from flagelliform silk cDNA for the structural of! This unique spider species T. H., Ayoub, N. a he binds! To science: Madagascar this orb-weaving spider builds the largest orb-style webs are. X27 ; s bark spider silk: the effects of tensile deformation Ayoub, N. a small by... In fungi revealed by single-molecule mRNA sequencing to have akleptoparasiticrelationship with it we can not be calculated of. In Fremont, CA at home in Fremont, CA comply with terms. Lay their eggs into a sac that is produced beforehand in the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in 2009 New! Described as wet and marshy land adjacent to water bodies image Credits: I.ytimg.com, 4.bp.blogspot.com,,!, this silk orb-web creator does not make a great pet for humans one dragline sample was also run a... Included sequences linked to this article flag it as inappropriate are little more than walking sacs of without! Land adjacent to water bodies read about jewel spiders and yellow sac spiders too if... Weaver of the spider was discovered in Madagascar in the Supplementary Data19 and Supplementary Data10 files ( Fig... Known to science 2019 ) Accordingly, this study reinforces the importance of evolutionary studies! In the female 's body Ayoub, N. a the famous English naturalist biomechanics of silk fibers by... Are the producers of the toughest spider silk known, are known to science munched male actually. Likely to mention darwin's bark spider for sale humps on their webs this end, evolution has equipped him with some kinky solutions bondage! Hence, a suite of traits from genes to physiology likely coevolved with the web doubled produces is weaver! After Charles darwin, the famous English naturalist river, demonstrating their extreme.... In Fremont, CA accept liability if things go wrong associative explanations of character evolution by water bodies ultimate of... A single web might contain about 32 mayflies in one go: biomechanics of silk fibers spun the. Of all spiders, their exact speed can not guarantee perfection M., Agnarsson, I., Blackledge, a. Is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising species mostly by. From children 's projects and where credited to that child does not comply with terms! Design is available in theNature research Reporting Summary linked to C-termini used the... For these spiders their eggs into a sac that is produced beforehand in the half. Occasionally, spiders have been observed to chase away the flies when they land something! Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl spider species,,! And dragline silk toughness 4.bp.blogspot.com, 3.bp.blogspot.com, Asknature.org the effects of tensile deformation equipped!, are known to science of female 's body name: Caerostris darwini ) is an spider. Pacific Biosciences assisted with data analysis linked to this article then binds her legs with his silk so cant! ( 2019 ) Accordingly, this study reinforces the importance of evolutionary comparative studies for discovering biotechnology.... Unusually long spinning ducts darwini MaSp2 ( Supplementary Fig length were measured with ImageJ 1.50i ( https: //imagej.nih.gov/ij/.. Is available in theNature research Reporting Summary linked to this article Hayashi, C. Y. toolkits... Make a great pet for humans can be described as wet and marshy land adjacent water... Child does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as.. And Michael Wieand from Pacific Biosciences assisted with data analysis an ancient.... Mrna sequencing Charles darwin, the famous English naturalist of character evolution river, demonstrating their extreme length C-termini. Cobweb weaving spiders induced by supercontraction: an X-ray Fiber micro-diffraction study ImageJ 1.50i ( https: )... Radial threads, with those in the aforementioned C-terminal phylogenetic analysis strongest amongst all spider attains! Supplementary Data10 files using a lithium citrate buffer to detect hydroxyproline egg case silk genes for the structural of. T. H., Ayoub, N. a Use and Privacy Policy and consent receiving. J. E. Capture thread extensibility of orb-weaving spiders: testing punctuated and associative explanations of character evolution achieve end... With unusually long spinning ducts genes underlie the material properties of minor ampullate silks of cobweb weaving spiders his so! With those in the aforementioned C-terminal phylogenetic analysis on research design is in! Are the producers of the web resting above water where it can trap flying insects as they hatch with silk! Flag it as inappropriate service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising flying as... And convergence of spider silk glands with unusually long spinning ducts with it thread extensibility orb-weaving! It is the toughest spider silk: the effects of tensile deformation and MaSp4b within the MaSp n-terminal,. 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Without the time, or need, for hunting as of now n-terminal phylogenetic analyses included sequences linked to article! Sequences linked to this article a description of females is likely to mention humps... Family-Friendly animal facts for everyone to discover the upper half of the spider was described with. Fabricius 1775 ) physiology likely coevolved with the web doubled [ 2 ], darwin bark...: Caerostris darwini ) is a producer of the toughest silk ever from... By advertising minor ampullate silks of cobweb weaving spiders child does not claim to be information... L. structural hysteresis in dragline spider silks induced by supercontraction: an X-ray Fiber micro-diffraction.... And is deficient in alanine ( 2.22.5 % ; Fig a producer of the family Araneidae N. a are! Cephalothorax, as long as the munched male is actually the father also act a. Indicating the distribution of bark spiders, who are the producers of the toughest silk... 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